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Clusters: 10,000 bp to 8,000 bp

This map defines ecological communities using image data analysis of GIS-generated images. We downloaded data from the 30 nearest packrat middens using North American Packrat Midden Database and brought the resulting 1340 records into FileMaker Pro. We selected the perennial taxa and parsed the records out to chronological categories based on Carbon-14 dated material in each midden. Using the century-old “law of latitudinal equivalent in elevation” (Lowe 1972) from the Merriam Life Zone System, one degree of latitude = 77 meters (250 feet) elevation in Arizona, we brought each record into our study area and adjusted the elevation of the packrat midden in which the taxa were found. Each taxon’s highest and lowest actual occurrence became its elevation range. The map calculator function in ArcView 3.2 (Spatial Analyst extension) distributed taxa across the study area’s two latitude ranges, 32 degrees to 33 degrees N and 33 degrees to 34 degrees N. Each pixel has a one-square-kilometer resolution. These grids were merged and exported as images. We linked each taxon image by time period in MultiSpec and ran a cluster analysis using the number of taxa as the initial cluster solution. Taxa in each community cluster are shown in the table below.

 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
12
13
14
15
Cluster Number
 
25596
309
4274
1218
4008
987
134
561
890
32
7830
7499
32951
 Sq. Kilometers
 
29.700
0.400
5.000
1.400
4.600
1.100
0.200
0.700
1.000
0.050
9.000
8.700
38.000
 % of Study Area
Taxa
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
  
Abies concolor
.
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Acacia greggii
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
  
Agave utahensis
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
.
.
  
Ambrosia dumosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Amsonia eastwoodiana
.
.
.
X
X
X
.
X
.
.
.
.
.
  
Anemone tuberosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
X
X
X
X
.
  
Artemisia ludoviciana
x
.
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
X
X
.
  
Atriplex confertifolia
.
.
.
.
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.
  
Berberis haematocarpa
.
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.
.
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Boerhavia
.
.
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.
.
.
.
X
X
X
X
X
.
  
Brickellia
.
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.
.
.
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.
  
Brickellia atractyloides
.
.
.
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.
X
.
X
.
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.
.
.
  
Celtis reticulata
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.
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Cercidium microphyllum
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Cercocarpus intricatus
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
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.
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.
  
Chamaebatiaria millefolium
.
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.
X
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Chrysothamnus
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Cowania mexicana
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Crossosoma bigelovii
.
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.
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
.
.
.
  
Echinocactus polycephalus
.
.
.
X
X
X
.
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.
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.
.
  
Echinocereus
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
.
.
.
.
  
Encelia farinosa
.
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.
.
.
X
.
X
X
X
X
X
.
  
Encelia frutescens
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
  
Ephedra
X
.
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
X
X
.
  
Ephedra nevadensis
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Euphorbia
.
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.
x
X
X
X
X
.
  
Fallugia paradoxa
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.
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.
X
X
X
.
.
.
  
Ferocactus acanthodes
.
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.
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.
X
X
X
X
X
X
  
Forsellesia nevadensis
.
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Fraxinus
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Fraxinus anomala
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
.
.
.
  
Galium
.
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.
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.
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.
X
X
X
X
.
  
Gutierrezia lucida
.
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X
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Hedeoma
.
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.
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Holodiscus dumosas
.
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.
  
Juniperus
.
.
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
X
X
.
  
Juniperus communis
.
.
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.
  
Juniperus osteosperma
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
.
  
Larrea divaricata
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.
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Larrea tridentata
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Lepidium
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
  
Linum
.
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.
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.
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Lithospermum
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Mortonia utahensis
.
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.
X
X
X
.
X
.
.
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.
.
  
Nolina microcarpa
.
.
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.
.
X
.
X
X
X
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.
  
Olneya tesota
.
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Opuntia
.
X
X
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Opuntia basilaris
.
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Opuntia erincea
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Opuntia phaeacantha
.
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.
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Opuntia whipplei
.
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.
X
X
X
.
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.
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.
.
  
Oryzopsis hymenoides
.
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Pachystima myrsinites (Paxistima)
.
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Penstemon eatonii
.
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.
X
.
.
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Phoradendron californicum
.
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.
X
.
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.
  
Physalis
.
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.
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
  
Picea engelmannii
.
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Picea pungens
.
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Pinus edulis
.
X
X
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Pinus flexilis
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Pinus monophylla
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Pinus ponderosa
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X
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Prosopis juliflora
.
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.
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Prunus fasciculata
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
.
.
.
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.
  
Pseudotsuga menziesii
.
X
.
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.
.
X
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.
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.
  
Ptelea pallida
.
X
X
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.
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.
  
Quercus
.
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Quercus chrysolepis
.
.
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.
  
Quercus dunnii
.
.
.
X
.
.
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.
.
.
.
..
.
  
Quercus gambelii
.
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.
  
Quercus turbinella
.
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.
  
Rhamnus
.
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.
  
Rhamnus betulaefolia
X
.
.
X
X
X
.
.
.
.
.
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.
  
Rhus
.
.
.
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.
  
Rhus trilobata
.
.
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.
X
.
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.
  
Ribes
.
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Robinia neomexicana
.
.
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.
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.
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.
.
.
.
  
Rosa cf. arizonica (woodsii)
.
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.
  
Rubus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Salvia carnosa (dorrii)
.
.
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
.
.
.
.
  
Sambucus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Sphaeralcea
.
.
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
  
Symphoricarpos
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Thamnosma montana
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Yucca baccata
.
.
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
.
.
.
  
 
12
14
12
23
22
27
9
27
22
22
15
14
6
 Count
 
10
8
10
3
4
1
12
1
4
4
7
8
13
 Rank