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Clusters: 12,000 bp to 10,000 bp

This map defines ecological communities using image data analysis of GIS-generated images. We downloaded data from the 30 nearest packrat middens using North American Packrat Midden Database and brought the resulting 1340 records into FileMaker Pro. We selected the perennial taxa and parsed the records out to chronological categories based on Carbon-14 dated material in each midden. Using the century-old “law of latitudinal equivalent in elevation” (Lowe 1972) from the Merriam Life Zone System, one degree of latitude = 77 meters (250 feet) elevation in Arizona, we brought each record into our study area and adjusted the elevation of the packrat midden in which the taxa were found. Each taxon’s highest and lowest actual occurrence became its elevation range. The map calculator function in ArcView 3.2 (Spatial Analyst extension) distributed taxa across the study area’s two latitude ranges, 32 degrees to 33 degrees N and 33 degrees to 34 degrees N. Each pixel has a one-square-kilometer resolution. These grids were merged and exported as images. We linked each taxon image by time period in MultiSpec and ran a cluster analysis using the number of taxa as the initial cluster solution. Taxa in each community cluster are shown in the table below.

 
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
 Cluster Number
 
18360
3935
4641
503
3113
1397
293
5665
159
2056
4283
1000
7352
147
32951
 Sq. Kilometers
 
21.2
4.5
5.3
0.6
3.6
1.6
0.3
6.5
0.2
2.4
4.9
1.2
8.5
0.2
38
 % of Study Area
Taxa
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Abies concolor
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Acacia greggii
.
.
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
X
.
  
Acer glabrum
.
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Agave utahensis
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
.
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.
  
Allionia incarnata
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Aloysia wrightii
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Ambrosia confertiflora
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Ambrosia dumosa
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Anemone tuberosa
.
.
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
X
.
  
Artemisia ludoviciana
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
  
Astragalus nuttallianus
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X
X
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X
X
X
X
  
Atriplex confertifolia
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Berberis haematocarpa
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X
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Brickellia
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X
X
X
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X
X
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X
X
.
X
X
X
.
  
Brickellia atractyloides
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X
X
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X
X
X
X
  
Castilleja
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Celtis reticulata
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X
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Cercis occidentalis
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Cercocarpus intricatus
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X
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Chrysothamnus
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X
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Clematis ligusticifolia
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Coleogyne ramosissima
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X
X
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X
X
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X
X
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X
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Cornus stolonifera
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Crossosoma bigelovii
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X
X
X
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X
X
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X
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Cryptantha virginensis
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X
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Echinocactus polycephalus
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X
X
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X
X
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X
X
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X
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Echinocereus
X
X
X
X
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X
X
.
X
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Encelia farinosa
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X
X
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X
X
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X
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Encelia frutescens
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
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X
X
X
X
  
Ephedra
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
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X
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Ephedra nevadensis
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X
.
X
X
X
X
  
Euphorbia
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X
X
  
Fallugia paradoxa
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Fendlera rupicola
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Ferocactus acanthodes
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X
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X
X
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X
X
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X
X
X
X
  
Forsellesia nevadensis
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Fraxinus anomala
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
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Juniperus communis
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Juniperus osteosperma
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
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Juniperus scopulorum
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Larrea tridentata
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Lycium
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X
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Mortonia utahensis
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X
X
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Nolina microcarpa
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X
X
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Opuntia
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X
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X
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Opuntia basilaris
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
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Opuntia erinacea
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
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Opuntia macrorhiza
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Opuntia whipplei
.
X
X
X
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X
X
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X
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Oryzopsis hymenoides
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Ostrya knowltonii
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Penstemon
X
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X
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X
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Penstemon eatonii
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X
X
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Phoradendron californicum
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Physalis
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X
X
X
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X
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
X
X
  
Picea pungens
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Pinus edulis
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Pinus flexilis
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X
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Prunus fasciculata
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
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X
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Pseudotsuga menziesii
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X
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X
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Ptelea trifoliata ssp. Pallida
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X
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Quercus
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X
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Quercus turbinella
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Rhamnus betulaefolia
X
X
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X
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Rhus
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X
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Rhus trilobata
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
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Ribes
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Rosa arizonica (woodsii)
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Rosa stellata
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Rubus strigosus
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Salvia carnosa (dorrii)
.
.
x
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
.
.
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.
  
Sambucus microbotrys
.
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.
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Sphaeralcea
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
X
X
  
Symphoricarpos
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
.
.
.
  
Vitis arizonica
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Yucca baccata
.
X
X
X
.
X
X
.
X
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
 
13
23
29
29
13
26
25
9
28
20
4
19
11
15
8
 Taxa Count
 
10
6
1
1
10
4
5
13
3
7
15
8
12
9
14
 Rank Order