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Clusters: 14,000 bp to 12,000 bp

This map defines ecological communities using image data analysis of GIS-generated images. We downloaded data from the 30 nearest packrat middens using North American Packrat Midden Database and brought the resulting 1340 records into FileMaker Pro. We selected the perennial taxa and parsed the records out to chronological categories based on Carbon-14 dated material in each midden. Using the century-old “law of latitudinal equivalent in elevation” (Lowe 1972) from the Merriam Life Zone System, one degree of latitude = 77 meters (250 feet) elevation in Arizona, we brought each record into our study area and adjusted the elevation of the packrat midden in which the taxa were found. Each taxon’s highest and lowest actual occurrence became its elevation range. The map calculator function in ArcView 3.2 (Spatial Analyst extension) distributed taxa across the study area’s two latitude ranges, 32 degrees to 33 degrees N and 33 degrees to 34 degrees N. Each pixel has a one-square-kilometer resolution. These grids were merged and exported as images. We linked each taxon image by time period in MultiSpec and ran a cluster analysis using the number of taxa as the initial cluster solution. Taxa in each community cluster are shown in the table below.

 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
 Cluster Number
 
41711
4740
6657
1324
5553
592
12
501
40
1849
360
5061
70
18290
 Sq. Kilometers
 
48.08
5.46
7.67
1.53
6.4
0.68
0.01
0.58
0.05
2.13
0.42
5.83
0.08
21.08
 % of Study Area
Taxa
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Abies concolor
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X
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.
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Acacia greggii
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
X
.
.
.
X
X
X
  
Acer
.
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.
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.
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Agave
.
.
.
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.
x
X
.
X
X
X
  
Agave utahensis
.
.
.
X
X
.
X
.
X
X
.
.
X
X
  
Ambrosia confertiflora
.
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Ambrosia dumosa
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Amelanchier utahensis
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Anemone tuberosa
.
.
X
.
.
X
.
X
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.
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.
.
.
  
Aplopappus cuneatus
.
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Arctostaphylos
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X
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Artemisia ludoviciana
.
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X
X
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.
x
.
  
Artemisia nova
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.
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Artemisia tridentata
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X
X
.
X
.
X
X
.
.
X
.
  
Astragalus nuttallianus
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Atriplex canescens
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.
X
.
X
.
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.
X
X
X
  
Atriplex confertifolia
.
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.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Brickellia longifolia
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Carnegia gigantea
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Ceanothus greggii
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X
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Celtis pallida
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Celtis reticulata
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x
X
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.
X
X
  
Cercocarpus
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Cercocarpus intricatus
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X
.
x
  
Chamaebatiaria millefolium
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Chrysothamnus
.
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X
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.
X
.
X
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.
X
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.
  
Coleogyne ramosissima
.
.
X
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.
X
.
X
.
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.
X
.
x
  
Condalia lycioides
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Crossosoma bigelovii
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X
.
X
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.
X
.
.
  
Cryptantha virginensis
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Cupressus arizonica
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X
.
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Dasylirion wheeleri
.
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.
X
.
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.
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Echinocereus
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Echinocereus polyacanthus
.
.
X
.
.
X
.
X
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.
.
X
.
.
  
Encelia farinosa
.
.
X
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.
X
.
X
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.
X
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Encelia frutescens
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X
.
  
Ephedra
.
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Ephedra viridis
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.
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Ericameria cuneata
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X
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Ericameria laricifolia
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.
x
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Ferocactus acanthodes
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X
.
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Ferocactus wislizeni
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Fraxinus anomala
.
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.
X
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
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Holodiscus dumosus
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Jatropha cardiophylla
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Juniperus
.
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X
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X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Juniperus communis
.
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Juniperus osteosperma
.
X
.
X
X
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X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Larrea tridentata
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Linum
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Mortonia scabrella
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Mortonia utahensis
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Nolina microcarpa
.
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.
.
x
.
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Opuntia
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X
X
.
X
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X
X
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.
X
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Opuntia arbuscula
.
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Opuntia basilaris
.
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X
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X
.
X
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.
X
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Opuntia chlorotica
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.
x
X
.
X
X
X
  
Opuntia echinocarpa
.
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Opuntia erinacea
.
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.
X
X
.
X
.
X
X
.
x
X
X
  
Opuntia phaeacantha
.
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.
X
X
.
X
.
X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Opuntia spinosior
.
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X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Opuntia versicolor
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Opuntia violacea
.
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Opuntia whipplei
.
.
X
.
.
X
.
X
.
.
.
X
X
X
  
Oryzopsis hymenoides
.
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.
x
.
.
  
Ostrya knowltonii
.
X
.
X
X
.
X
.
X
X
.
.
X
X
  
Perityle lemmonii
.
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.
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.
X
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Philadelphus microphyllus
.
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X
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Phlox
.
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.
.
X
.
  
Phoradendron bolleanum
.
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X
.
  
Picea engelmannii
.
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Picea pungens
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Pinus discolor
.
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X
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Pinus edulis
.
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.
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Pinus flexilis
.
X
.
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Pinus monophylla
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Pinus ponderosa
.
.
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.
X
.
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.
  
Prosopis velutina
.
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.
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.
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Prunus fasciculata
.
.
X
.
.
X
.
X
.
.
.
X
.
.
  
Pseudotsuga menziesii
.
X
.
X
X
.
X
.
X
X
.
.
X
.
  
Quercus dunnii
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
.
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.
  
Quercus emoryi
.
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.
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.
  
Quercus turbinella
.
.
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.
.
.
X
X
.
X
X
X
  
Rhamnus crocea
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Rhus
.
.
.
X
X
.
X
.
X
X
.
.
X
.
  
Rhus trilobata
.
.
X
.
.
X
.
X
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Ribes velutinum
.
.
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.
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.
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Rosa stellata
.
.
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.
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.
  
Rubus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
Salvia carnosa
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
X
.
.
.
X
X
X
  
Selaginella underwoodii
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
.
.
.
.
  
Shepherdia canadensis
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
  
Thamnosma montana
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
  
Vauquelinia californica
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
.
.
.
.
  
Vitis arizonica
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
X
.
.
.
X
.
.
  
Yucca angustissima
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
X
.
  
Yucca baccata
.
.
X
.
.
X
.
X
.
.
.
X
.
.
  
Yucca brevifolia
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
  
 
0
6
13
12
13
20
14
21
34
21
0
30
29
22
 Taxa Count
 
0
12
9
11
9
7
8
5
1
5
0
2
3
4
 Rank Order